機房防雷是一個系(xi)統的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)，對于(yu)每個公司來(lai)說都非(fei)常重(zhong)要(yao)，而我們往往不把(ba)它當(dang)(dang)回事，當(dang)(dang)發生設(she)備損壞的(de)時候(hou)才想(xiang)到(dao)可能是雷擊的(de)緣故，然(ran)而防患于(yu)未然(ran)才是正(zheng)道，所以，機房防雷接地系(xi)統施工(gong)工(gong)藝到(dao)底怎么(me)樣的(de)呢？下面就讓我們一起來(lai)學(xue)習(xi)關于(yu)機房防雷接地系(xi)統施工(gong)工(gong)藝的(de)知(zhi)識吧！

 機房防雷接地系統施工工藝

一、首先先來了解一下接地系統

接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)是避雷技術最(zui)重要的環(huan)節，不管是直(zhi)擊雷、感應(ying)雷、或其(qi)他形式的雷，最(zui)終都(dou)是把雷電(dian)(dian)流(liu)送入大地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。因此，沒(mei)有(you)合理而良(liang)好的接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)裝(zhuang)置是不能(neng)可靠地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)避雷的。接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)越小，散流(liu)就(jiu)越快，被(bei)雷擊物體高(gao)電(dian)(dian)位保(bao)持時(shi)間(jian)就(jiu)越短，危險(xian)性就(jiu)越小。對于計(ji)算(suan)機場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)要求(qiu)≤4歐姆(mu)，并(bing)且采取共用接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的方法(fa)將(jiang)避雷接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、電(dian)(dian)器安全(quan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、交流(liu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、直(zhi)流(liu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)統一為(wei)一個(ge)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)裝(zhuang)置。如有(you)特殊要求(qiu)設置獨(du)立地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，則應(ying)在兩(liang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)網間(jian)用地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)極保(bao)護(hu)器連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，這樣，兩(liang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)網之間(jian)平時(shi)是獨(du)立的，防止干擾，當雷電(dian)(dian)流(liu)來(lai)到時(shi)兩(liang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)網間(jian)通過地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)極保(bao)護(hu)器瞬間(jian)連(lian)通，形成(cheng)等電(dian)(dian)位連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)。

防(fang)雷(lei)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)一個重要(yao)的(de)(de)方面是(shi)(shi)(shi)接地(di)以及引下線(xian)路的(de)(de)布線(xian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，整個工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)防(fang)雷(lei)效果甚(shen)至防(fang)雷(lei)器件是(shi)(shi)(shi)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)起作用都取(qu)決于此，所以應該認(ren)真(zhen)的(de)(de)系統的(de)(de)研究。 電(dian)(dian)力(li)、電(dian)(dian)子設備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)接地(di)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)保障設備(bei)(bei)安(an)全(quan)、操作人(ren)員安(an)全(quan)和(he)設備(bei)(bei)正(zheng)常運(yun)行的(de)(de)必(bi)要(yao)措(cuo)施。可以認(ren)為，凡是(shi)(shi)(shi)與電(dian)(dian)網連接的(de)(de)所有儀器設備(bei)(bei)都應當(dang)接地(di)；凡是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)需要(yao)到達的(de)(de)地(di)方，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)接地(di)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)需要(yao)做到的(de)(de)地(di)方，從而使人(ren)體(ti)避免(mian)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)危險。

二、防雷接地

為(wei)使(shi)雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)浪涌電(dian)流泄入大地(di)(di)(di)，使(shi)被保護(hu)物免(mian)遭直擊雷(lei)(lei)或感應(ying)雷(lei)(lei)等(deng)浪涌過電(dian)壓、過電(dian)流的危害，所有建筑物、電(dian)氣(qi)設備、線路、網(wang)絡等(deng)不帶(dai)電(dian)金屬部分，金屬護(hu)套(tao)(tao)，避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)器，以(yi)及一切(qie)水(shui)、氣(qi)管道等(deng)均應(ying)與(yu)防(fang)雷(lei)(lei)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)裝置(zhi)作金屬性連接(jie)(jie)(jie)。防(fang)雷(lei)(lei)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)裝置(zhi)包括避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)針(zhen)、帶(dai)、線、網(wang)，接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)引下線、接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)引入線、接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)匯集線、接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)體(ti)等(deng)。為(wei)防(fang)止(zhi)反擊，以(yi)往的防(fang)雷(lei)(lei)規范對防(fang)雷(lei)(lei)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)與(yu)其他接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)間提(ti)出一整套(tao)(tao)限制措(cuo)施(shi)，即規定兩類(lei)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)體(ti)和接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)線之(zhi)間的最短(duan)距離。在(zai)有些情況下，間距無法拉開到規定值時，則(ze)要采用嚴(yan)密的絕緣措(cuo)施(shi)。

三、接地的種類

供電(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)用變(bian)壓器(qi)的(de)中(zhong)性點(dian)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)；以及電(dian)(dian)器(qi)設備(bei)在正常工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)情況下，不(bu)帶電(dian)(dian)的(de)金(jin)屬部分與接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)體(ti)之間作(zuo)(zuo)良好(hao)的(de)金(jin)屬連接(jie)(jie)(jie)，都稱為接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)，前者為工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)，后者為保(bao)護接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)。配電(dian)(dian)變(bian)壓器(qi)低壓側的(de)中(zhong)性點(dian)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)，則(ze)此中(zhong)性點(dian)叫做(zuo)(zuo)零(ling)點(dian)，由(you)中(zhong)性點(dian)引出(chu)的(de)線叫做(zuo)(zuo)零(ling)線。用電(dian)(dian)設備(bei)的(de)金(jin)屬外殼直接(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)到零(ling)線上，稱接(jie)(jie)(jie)零(ling)。在接(jie)(jie)(jie)零(ling)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)，如果發生(sheng)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)故障即(ji)形成單相短路，使保(bao)護裝置迅速動作(zuo)(zuo)，斷開故障設備(bei)，從而使人(ren)體(ti)避免觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)危險。

四、防雷等電位連接

接(jie)(jie)閃(shan)(shan)(shan)裝置(zhi)在(zai)捕(bu)獲雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，引下線立即升至高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)，會對防雷系統(tong)周圍的(de)尚處于(yu)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)的(de)導體(ti)產生(sheng)(sheng)旁側閃(shan)(shan)(shan)絡(luo)，并使(shi)其(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)升高，進而對人員和設(she)備(bei)構成(cheng)危害。為(wei)了減少這種閃(shan)(shan)(shan)絡(luo)危險，最簡單(dan)的(de)辦法(fa)是(shi)采用(yong)均(jun)壓環，將(jiang)處于(yu)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)的(de)導體(ti)等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)起來，一直到接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)裝置(zhi)。臺站內的(de)金屬(shu)設(she)施(shi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣裝置(zhi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設(she)備(bei)，如果其(qi)(qi)與防雷系統(tong)的(de)導體(ti)，特別是(shi)接(jie)(jie)閃(shan)(shan)(shan)裝置(zhi)的(de)距離(li)達(da)不到規定的(de)安全要(yao)求時(shi)(shi)，則應(ying)該用(yong)較粗的(de)導線把它們(men)與防雷系統(tong)進行等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)。這樣在(zai)閃(shan)(shan)(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)通過時(shi)(shi)，臺站內的(de)所有(you)設(she)施(shi)立即形成(cheng)一個“等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)島”，保證導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部件之間(jian)不產生(sheng)(sheng)有(you)害的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差，不發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)旁側閃(shan)(shan)(shan)絡(luo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。完善的(de)等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)還(huan)可以(yi)防止閃(shan)(shan)(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)入地(di)(di)造成(cheng)的(de)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)升高所產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)反擊。

等電(dian)位(wei)(wei)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)的(de)目的(de)，在(zai)于減少需要防雷(lei)的(de)空間內各(ge)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)和各(ge)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)之間的(de)電(dian)位(wei)(wei)差。穿過各(ge)防雷(lei)區交界的(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)和系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，以及在(zai)一個(ge)防雷(lei)區內部(bu)的(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)和系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，都應在(zai)防雷(lei)區交界處(chu)做等電(dian)位(wei)(wei)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)。應采用(yong)等電(dian)位(wei)(wei)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)線(xian)和螺栓(shuan)緊固的(de)線(xian)夾在(zai)等電(dian)位(wei)(wei)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)帶(dai)做等電(dian)位(wei)(wei)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)，而且當需要時，應采用(yong)避雷(lei)器(qi)做暫態等電(dian)位(wei)(wei)連(lian)(lian)(lian)接(jie)。

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